A. Governing equations of the model   b. Turbulence parameterization up previous next
A.b.ii. Surface flux parameterization

The surface momentum and heat fluxes are given by the bulk formulae of Louis (1979). The bulk coefficient for heat transport has same value of that for momentum. In this study, the surface fluxes must be treated seriously because diurnal change is considered and we focus on the magunitude of surface stress estimated by the surface momentum flux. The surface fluxes significantly change with the atmospheric stability. The surface flux parameterization presented by Louis (1979) can be represent easily the dependence of the surface flux on atmospheric stability.

(A.14)
(A.15)

are the horizontal wind and temperature at the lowest level of the model atmosphere . is the surface temperature. The bulk coefficient is calculated as follows.

(A.16)

where,

(A.17)

and is the Karman constant (= 0.35), is the roughness length. The roughness length is 1 cm (Sutton et al, 1978). is the bulk Richardson number, which is given as follow.

(A.18)

where are the potential temperature and that of horizontal mean value at the lowest level of model atmosphere.


A numerical simulation of thermal convection in the Martian lower atmosphere.
Odaka, Nakajima, Ishiwatari, Hayashi,   Nagare Multimedia 2001
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