subroutine SetCloudCalcCloudCover( xyz_Press, xyz_Temp, xyz_QH2OTot, xyz_CloudCover )

    ! USE statements
    !

    ! 飽和比湿の算出
    ! Evaluate saturation specific humidity
    !
    use saturate, only: xyz_CalcQVapSat

    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_Press     ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_Temp      ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_QH2OTot   ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
    real(DP), intent(out) :: xyz_CloudCover( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )


    real(DP) :: xyz_RH(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)


    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! 初期化確認
    ! Initialization check
    !
    if ( .not. set_cloud_inited ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This module has not been initialized.' )
    end if


    ! Cloud optical depth
    !
    if ( .not. FlagCloud ) then

      xyz_CloudCover = 0.0_DP

    else

      select case ( IDCloudCoverMethod )
      case ( IDCloudCoverMethodConst )

        xyz_CloudCover = CloudCover

      case ( IDCloudCoverMethodRH )

        ! see Sundqvist et al. (1989), Del Genio et al. (1996)
        xyz_RH = xyz_QH2OTot / xyz_CalcQVapSat( xyz_Temp, xyz_Press )
        xyz_RH = min( xyz_RH, 1.0_DP )

        xyz_CloudCover = 1.0d0 - sqrt( ( 1.0d0 - xyz_RH ) / ( 1.0d0 - RHCrtl ) )

        xyz_CloudCover = max( xyz_CloudCover, 0.0_DP )
        xyz_CloudCover = min( xyz_CloudCover, 1.0_DP )

      end select

    end if


  end subroutine SetCloudCalcCloudCover

  subroutine SetCloudCalcOverlappedCloudTrans( xyz_TransCloudOneLayer, xyz_CloudCover, xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans )

    ! USE statements
    !

    ! ヒストリデータ出力
    ! History data output
    !
    use gtool_historyauto, only: HistoryAutoPut

    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: TimeN, EndTime, TimesetClockStart, TimesetClockStop

!!$    use sort, only : SortQuick

    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_TransCloudOneLayer   (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_CloudCover           (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(out) :: xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax, 0:kmax)


    real(DP) :: xyz_EffCloudCover           (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_CloudCoverSorted        (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted     (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: CloudCoverSortedCur
    real(DP) :: EffCloudCoverSortedCur
    real(DP) :: TransCloudOneLayerSortedCur
    integer  :: KInsPos
    integer  :: i
    integer  :: j
    integer  :: k
    integer  :: kk
    integer  :: kkk



    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! 初期化確認
    ! Initialization check
    !
    if ( .not. set_cloud_inited ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This module has not been initialized.' )
    end if


    ! Cloud optical depth
    !
    if ( .not. FlagCloud ) then

      xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans = 1.0_DP

    else

      select case ( IDCloudOverlapType )

        ! This is old version to be deleted. 

!!$      case ( IDCloudOverlapTypeFillGrid )
!!$        ! Cloud fills a grid box.
!!$
!!$        do k = 0, kmax
!!$          kk = k
!!$          xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = 1.0d0
!!$          do kk = k+1, kmax
!!$            xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk-1) &
!!$              & * xyz_TransCloudOneLayer(:,:,kk)
!!$          end do
!!$        end do
!!$        do k = 0, kmax
!!$          do kk = 0, k-1
!!$            xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,kk,k)
!!$          end do
!!$        end do

      case ( IDCloudOverlapTypeRandom )

        xyz_EffCloudCover = xyz_CloudCover * ( 1.0_DP - xyz_TransCloudOneLayer )

        do k = 0, kmax
          kk = k
          xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = 1.0_DP
          do kk = k+1, kmax
            xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk-1) * ( 1.0_DP - xyz_EffCloudCover(:,:,kk) )
          end do
        end do

        do k = 0, kmax
          do kk = 0, k-1
            xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,kk,k)
          end do
        end do

      case ( IDCloudOverlapTypeMaxOverlap )

!!$        call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This has not been implemented, yet.' )


        ! see Chou et al. (2001)

        xyz_EffCloudCover = xyz_CloudCover * ( 1.0_DP - xyz_TransCloudOneLayer )


        ! Original method (computationally expensive, probably)
        !
!!$        do k = 0, kmax
!!$          kk = k
!!$          xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = 1.0_DP
!!$          do kk = k+1, kmax
!!$
!!$            xyz_CloudCoverSorted         = xyz_CloudCover
!!$            xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted      = xyz_EffCloudCover
!!$            xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted = xyz_TransCloudOneLayer
!!$
!!$            call SortQuick( imax, jmax, kk-k,             &
!!$              & xyz_CloudCoverSorted        (:,:,k+1:kk), &
!!$              & xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted     (:,:,k+1:kk), &
!!$              & xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(:,:,k+1:kk)  &
!!$              & )
!!$
!!$            xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = 0.0_DP
!!$            do kkk = k+1, kk
!!$              xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) =         &
!!$                & xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted(:,:,kkk)          &
!!$                & + xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk)     &
!!$                &   * xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(:,:,kkk)
!!$            end do
!!$            xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = &
!!$              & 1.0_DP - xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk)
!!$
!!$          end do
!!$        end do



        ! Economical method (probably)
        !
        do k = 0, kmax

!!$          do kkk = 1, kmax
!!$              xyz_CloudCoverSorted(:,:,kkk) = real( kmax-kkk ) / real(kmax)
!!$!              xyz_CloudCoverSorted(:,:,kkk) = abs( 0.55d0 - real( kmax-kkk ) / real(kmax) )
!!$          end do
!!$          ! debug output
!!$          if ( k == 0 ) then
!!$            kk = kmax
!!$            do kkk = k+1, kk
!!$              write( 6, * ) kkk, xyz_CloudCoverSorted(0,jmax/2+1,kkk)
!!$            end do
!!$          end if

          xyz_CloudCoverSorted         = xyz_CloudCover
          xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted      = xyz_EffCloudCover
          xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted = xyz_TransCloudOneLayer

          kk = k
          xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = 1.0_DP
          do kk = k+1, kmax


            do j = 1, jmax
              do i = 0, imax-1

                ! xyz_CloudCoverSorted(i,j,kk) is inserved in an appropriate position.
                !
                KInsPos = kk
                loop : do kkk = k+1, kk-1

                  if ( xyz_CloudCoverSorted(i,j,kk) < xyz_CloudCoverSorted(i,j,kkk) ) then
                    KInsPos = kkk
                    exit loop
                  end if

                end do loop

                ! values are saved
                CloudCoverSortedCur         = xyz_CloudCoverSorted        (i,j,kk)
                EffCloudCoverSortedCur      = xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted     (i,j,kk)
                TransCloudOneLayerSortedCur = xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(i,j,kk)

                ! values are shifted upward to empty an array at insert position
                do kkk = kk, KInsPos+1, -1
                  xyz_CloudCoverSorted        (i,j,kkk) = xyz_CloudCoverSorted        (i,j,kkk-1)
                  xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted     (i,j,kkk) = xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted     (i,j,kkk-1)
                  xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(i,j,kkk) = xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(i,j,kkk-1)
                end do
                kkk = KInsPos
                xyz_CloudCoverSorted        (i,j,kkk) = CloudCoverSortedCur
                xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted     (i,j,kkk) = EffCloudCoverSortedCur
                xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(i,j,kkk) = TransCloudOneLayerSortedCur

              end do
            end do


!!$            xyz_CloudCoverSorted         = xyz_CloudCover
!!$            do kkk = 1, kmax
!!$              xyz_CloudCoverSorted(:,:,kkk) = real( kmax-kkk ) / real(kmax)
!!$            end do
!!$            xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted      = xyz_EffCloudCover
!!$            xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted = xyz_TransCloudOneLayer
!!$
!!$            call SortQuick( imax, jmax, kk-k,             &
!!$              & xyz_CloudCoverSorted        (:,:,k+1:kk), &
!!$              & xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted     (:,:,k+1:kk), &
!!$              & xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(:,:,k+1:kk)  &
!!$              & )


!!$            ! debug output
!!$            if ( ( k == 0 ) .and. ( kk == kmax-2 ) ) then
!!$              do kkk = k+1, kk
!!$                write( 6, * ) kkk, xyz_CloudCoverSorted(0,jmax/2+1,kkk)
!!$              end do
!!$              write( 6, * ) '-----'
!!$            end if


            xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = 0.0_DP
            do kkk = k+1, kk
              xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted(:,:,kkk) + xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) * xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(:,:,kkk)
            end do
            xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = 1.0_DP - xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk)

          end do
        end do



        do k = 0, kmax
          do kk = 0, k-1
            xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,kk,k)
          end do
        end do


      end select

    end if


    ! Output effective cloud cover
    !
!!$    call HistoryAutoPut( TimeN, 'EffCloudCover', &
!!$      & 1.0_DP - xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,0,kmax) )


  end subroutine SetCloudCalcOverlappedCloudTrans

  subroutine SetCloudCalcPRCP( xyr_Press, xyz_Temp, xyz_DQH2OLiqDt, xy_SurfRainFlux, xy_SurfSnowFlux )

    ! 物理定数設定
    ! Physical constants settings
    !
    use constants, only: CpDry, Grav, LatentHeatFusion
                              ! $ L $ [J kg-1] .
                              ! 融解の潜熱.
                              ! Latent heat of fusion

    ! 雪と海氷の定数の設定
    ! Setting constants of snow and sea ice
    !
    use constants_snowseaice, only: TempCondWater


    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyr_Press       ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax )
    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_Temp        ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_DQH2OLiqDt  ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
    real(DP), intent(out) :: xy_SurfRainFlux ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax )
    real(DP), intent(out) :: xy_SurfSnowFlux ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax )


    ! 作業変数
    ! Work variables
    !
    real(DP) :: xy_PRCP( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax )
    real(DP) :: xy_TempIncByFusion( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax )
                              ! Temperature increase by fusion

    integer:: i               ! 経度方向に回る DO ループ用作業変数
                              ! Work variables for DO loop in longitude
    integer:: j               ! 緯度方向に回る DO ループ用作業変数
                              ! Work variables for DO loop in latitude
    integer:: k


    ! 初期化確認
    ! Initialization check
    !
    if ( .not. set_cloud_inited ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This module has not been initialized.' )
    end if



    xy_PRCP = 0.0d0
    do k = kmax, 1, -1
      xy_PRCP = xy_PRCP + xyz_DQH2OLiqDt(:,:,k) * ( xyr_Press(:,:,k-1) - xyr_Press(:,:,k) ) / Grav
    end do


    ! Precipitation is added to soil moisture or surface snow
    !
    do j = 1, jmax
      do i = 0, imax-1
        if ( xyz_Temp(i,j,1) > TempCondWater ) then
          xy_SurfRainFlux(i,j) = xy_PRCP(i,j)
          xy_SurfSnowFlux(i,j) = 0.0_DP
        else
          xy_SurfRainFlux(i,j) = 0.0_DP
          xy_SurfSnowFlux(i,j) = xy_PRCP(i,j)

!!$            ! Heating by latent heat release by fusion.
!!$            !   It is assumed that all of latent heat for fusion is used to heat 
!!$            !   the lowest layer. 
!!$            !   It should be checked whether this causes unstable layer or not. 
!!$            !   (yot, 2010/08/17)
!!$            !   This is commented out. (yot, 2010/08/21)
!!$            !
!!$            xy_TempIncByFusion(i,j) =                                     &
!!$              & xy_SurfPRCPFlux(i,j) * LatentHeatFusion * 2.0d0 * DelTime &
!!$              &   / ( CpDry * z_DelSigma(1) * xy_Ps(i,j) / Grav )
!!$
!!$!            xyz_Temp(i,j,1) = xyz_Temp(i,j,1) + xy_TempIncByFusion(i,j)
!!$
!!$!            if ( xy_TempIncByFusion(i,j) > 0.0d0 ) then
!!$!              write( 6, * ) i, j, xyz_Temp(i,j,1), xy_TempIncByFusion(i,j)
!!$!            end if


        end if
      end do
    end do


  end subroutine SetCloudCalcPRCP

  subroutine SetCloudCloudWaterAdjust( xyz_DQCloudWaterDtCum, xyz_DQCloudWaterDtLSC, xyz_QCloudWater )

    ! USE statements
    !

    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: DelTime            ! $ \Delta t $ [s]


    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_DQCloudWaterDtCum( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_DQCloudWaterDtLSC( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: xyz_QCloudWater      ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )


    real(DP) :: xyz_QCloudWaterB( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
!!$    real(DP) :: xyz_PRCP        ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
!!$    real(DP) :: xy_PRCP         ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax )

    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! 初期化確認
    ! Initialization check
    !
    if ( .not. set_cloud_inited ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This module has not been initialized.' )
    end if


    ! Cloud optical depth
    !
    if ( FlagCloud ) then

      ! save cloud water before adjustment
      xyz_QCloudWaterB = xyz_QCloudWater

!!$      xyz_DQCloudWaterDt = xyz_DQCloudWaterDt &
!!$        & - xyz_QCloudWater / ( CloudLifeTime + 1.0d-100 )


!!$      ( X_{t+1} - X_{t-1} ) / ( 2 \Delta t ) = Q - X_{t+1} / \tau
!!$
!!$      X_{t+1} / ( 2 \Delta t )  + X_{t+1} / \tau = X_{t-1} / ( 2 \Delta t ) + Q
!!$      ( 1 / ( 2 \Delta t )  + 1 / \tau ) X_{t+1} = X_{t-1} / ( 2 \Delta t ) + Q
!!$      X_{t+1} = ( X_{t-1} / ( 2 \Delta t ) + Q ) / ( 1 / ( 2 \Delta t )  + 1 / \tau ) 


      xyz_QCloudWater = ( xyz_QCloudWater / ( 2.0_DP * DelTime ) + xyz_DQCloudWaterDtCum + xyz_DQCloudWaterDtLSC ) / ( 1.0_DP / ( 2.0_DP * DelTime ) + 1.0_DP / ( CloudLifeTime + 1.0d-100 ) )


!!$      do k = 1, kmax
!!$        xyz_PRCP(:,:,k) =                                                       &
!!$          & (                                                                   &
!!$          &     xyz_QCloudWaterB(:,:,k)                                         &
!!$          &   + ( xyz_DQCloudWaterDtCum(:,:,k) + xyz_DQCloudWaterDtLSC(:,:,k) ) &
!!$          &     * ( 2.0_DP * DelTime )                                          &
!!$          &   - xyz_QCloudWater(:,:,k)                                          &
!!$          & )                                                                   &
!!$          & * ( xyr_Press(:,:,k-1) - xyr_Press(:,:,k) ) / Grav
!!$      end do
!!$      xyz_PRCP = xyz_PRCP / ( 2.0_DP * DelTime )
!!$
!!$      xy_PRCP = 0.0_DP
!!$      do k = kmax, 1, -1
!!$        xy_PRCP = xy_PRCP + xyz_PRCP(:,:,k)
!!$      end do


    end if


  end subroutine SetCloudCloudWaterAdjust

  subroutine SetCloudCloudWaterAdjustWithCloudCoverV2( xyz_Press, xyr_Press, xyz_VirTemp, xyz_DQCloudWaterDtCum, xyz_MoistConvDetTend, xyz_OMG, xyz_MoistConvSubsidMassFlux, xyz_DTempDtPhy, xyz_Temp, xyz_QH2OVap, xyz_QCloudWater, xyz_CloudCover, xyz_Rain )

    ! USE statements
    !

    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: DelTime            ! $ \Delta t $ [s]

    ! 物理定数設定
    ! Physical constants settings
    !
    use constants, only: Grav, CpDry, GasRDry, GasRWet, LatentHeat
                              ! $ L $ [J kg-1] .
                              ! 凝結の潜熱.
                              ! Latent heat of condensation

    ! 飽和比湿の算出
    ! Evaluate saturation specific humidity
    !
    use saturate, only: xyz_CalcQVapSat, xyz_CalcDQVapSatDTemp

    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_Press                  (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyr_Press                  (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_VirTemp                (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_DQCloudWaterDtCum      (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_MoistConvDetTend       (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_OMG                    (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_MoistConvSubsidMassFlux(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_DTempDtPhy             (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: xyz_Temp                   (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: xyz_QH2OVap                (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: xyz_QCloudWater            (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: xyz_CloudCover             (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(out  ) :: xyz_Rain                   (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)


    real(DP) :: xyz_QCloudWaterB     (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)

    real(DP) :: xyz_QH2OVapSat       (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_DQH2OVapSatDPress(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_DQH2OVapSatDTemp (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_DQH2OVapSatDt    (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)

    real(DP), parameter :: MixCoef = 1.0d-6

    real(DP) :: xyz_ZeroOneDQsDt    (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_DelCloudCoverStr(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_FactA           (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_FactA1          (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_FactA2          (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_FactB           (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_FactC           (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_FactC1          (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_FactC2          (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_FactD           (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)

    real(DP) :: xyz_QH2OVapLim      (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)

!!$    real(DP) :: xyz_PRCP        ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
!!$    real(DP) :: xy_PRCP         ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax )

    real(DP), parameter :: QCloudWaterThreshold = 1.0d-10


    integer :: i
    integer :: j
    integer :: k


    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! 初期化確認
    ! Initialization check
    !
    if ( .not. set_cloud_inited ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This module has not been initialized.' )
    end if


    ! Cloud optical depth
    !
    if ( FlagCloud ) then


      ! Save cloud water amount
      !
      xyz_QCloudWaterB = xyz_QCloudWater


      xyz_QH2OVapSat       = xyz_CalcQVapSat( xyz_Temp, xyz_Press )
      xyz_DQH2OVapSatDTemp = xyz_CalcDQVapSatDTemp( xyz_Temp, xyz_QH2OVapSat )

      xyz_DQH2OVapSatDPress = xyz_QH2OVapSat / xyz_Press * ( LatentHeat * GasRDry * xyz_VirTemp - CpDry * GasRWet * xyz_Temp**2 ) / ( LatentHeat**2 * xyz_QH2OVapSat     + CpDry * GasRWet * xyz_Temp**2 )


      xyz_DQH2OVapSatDt = xyz_DQH2OVapSatDPress * ( xyz_OMG + Grav * xyz_MoistConvSubsidMassFlux ) + xyz_DQH2OVapSatDTemp * xyz_DTempDtPhy


      do k = 1, kmax
        do j = 1, jmax
          do i = 0, imax-1
            if ( xyz_DQH2OVapSatDt(i,j,k) < 0.0_DP ) then
              xyz_ZeroOneDQsDt(i,j,k) = 1.0_DP
            else
              xyz_ZeroOneDQsDt(i,j,k) = 0.0_DP
            end if
          end do
        end do
      end do


!!$      do k = 1, kmax
!!$        do j = 1, jmax
!!$          do i = 0, imax-1
!!$            if ( xyz_QH2OVap(i,j,k) >= xyz_QH2OVapSat(i,j,k) * ( 1.0_DP - 1.0d-10 ) ) then
!!$              xyz_QH2OVapLim(i,j,k) = xyz_QH2OVap(i,j,k) * ( 1.0_DP - 1.0d-10 )
!!$            else
!!$              xyz_QH2OVapLim(i,j,k) = xyz_QH2OVap(i,j,k)
!!$            end if
!!$          end do
!!$        end do
!!$      end do


      xyz_FactC1 = xyz_MoistConvDetTend
!!$      xyz_FactC2 =                                             &
!!$        & - ( 1.0_DP - xyz_CloudCover )                        &
!!$        &   / ( 2.0_DP * ( xyz_QH2OVapSat - xyz_QH2OVapLim ) ) &
!!$        &   * xyz_DQH2OVapSatDt * xyz_ZeroOneDQsDt
      do k = 1, kmax
        do j = 1, jmax
          do i = 0, imax-1
            if ( xyz_QH2OVap(i,j,k) < 0.99_DP * xyz_QH2OVapSat(i,j,k) ) then
              xyz_FactC2(i,j,k) = - ( 1.0_DP - xyz_CloudCover(i,j,k) ) / ( 2.0_DP * ( xyz_QH2OVapSat(i,j,k) - xyz_QH2OVap(i,j,k) ) ) * xyz_DQH2OVapSatDt(i,j,k) * xyz_ZeroOneDQsDt(i,j,k)
            else
              xyz_FactC2(i,j,k) = 0.0_DP
            end if
          end do
        end do
      end do
      xyz_FactC = xyz_FactC1 + xyz_FactC2
!!$      xyz_FactD = xyz_CloudCover * MixCoef * ( xyz_QH2OVapSat - xyz_QH2OVap ) &
!!$        &  / ( xyz_QCloudWater + 1.0d-100 )
      do k = 1, kmax
        do j = 1, jmax
          do i = 0, imax-1
            if ( xyz_QH2OVapSat(i,j,k) > xyz_QH2OVap(i,j,k) ) then
              xyz_FactD(i,j,k) = xyz_CloudCover(i,j,k) * MixCoef * ( xyz_QH2OVapSat(i,j,k) - xyz_QH2OVap(i,j,k) ) / ( xyz_QCloudWater(i,j,k) + 1.0d-100 )
            else
              xyz_FactD(i,j,k) = 0.0_DP
            end if
          end do
        end do
      end do
      !
      xyz_DelCloudCoverStr = xyz_FactC2 * 2.0_DP * DelTime - xyz_FactC2 / ( xyz_FactC + xyz_FactD + 1.0d-100 ) * ( xyz_FactC * 2.0_DP * DelTime + ( xyz_CloudCover - xyz_FactC / ( xyz_FactC + xyz_FactD + 1.0d-100 ) ) * ( 1.0_DP - exp( - ( xyz_FactC + xyz_FactD ) * 2.0_DP * DelTime ) ) )
      !
      xyz_FactA1 = xyz_DQCloudWaterDtCum
      xyz_FactA2 = - xyz_CloudCover * xyz_DQH2OVapSatDt - xyz_DelCloudCoverStr * xyz_DQH2OVapSatDt * xyz_ZeroOneDQsDt - xyz_CloudCover * MixCoef * ( xyz_QH2OVapSat - xyz_QH2OVap )
      !    The value of xyz_FactA2 is checked, and is updated.
      do k = 1, kmax
        do j = 1, jmax
          do i = 0, imax-1
            if ( xyz_FactA2(i,j,k) * 2.0_DP * DelTime > xyz_QH2OVap(i,j,k) ) then
              xyz_FactA2(i,j,k) = xyz_QH2OVap(i,j,k) / ( 2.0_DP * DelTime )
!!$              xyz_FactA2(i,j,k) = ( xyz_QH2OVap(i,j,k) - 1.0d-100 ) / ( 2.0_DP * DelTime )
            end if
          end do
        end do
      end do
      xyz_FactA = xyz_FactA1 + xyz_FactA2
      !
      xyz_FactB = 1.0_DP / ( CloudLifeTime + 1.0d-100 )



      ! Values at next time step are calculated.
      !
      xyz_QCloudWater = xyz_QCloudWater * exp( - xyz_FactB * 2.0_DP * DelTime ) + xyz_FactA / xyz_FactB * ( 1.0_DP - exp( - xyz_FactB * 2.0_DP * DelTime ) )
      !   The value of cloud water amount is checked, and xyz_FactA is updated.
      do k = 1, kmax
        do j = 1, jmax
          do i = 0, imax-1
            if ( xyz_QCloudWater(i,j,k) < 0.0_DP ) then
              xyz_FactA2(i,j,k) = - xyz_FactA1(i,j,k) - xyz_FactB(i,j,k) * xyz_QCloudWaterB(i,j,k) * exp( - xyz_FactB(i,j,k) * 2.0_DP * DelTime ) / ( 1.0_DP - exp( - xyz_FactB(i,j,k) * 2.0_DP * DelTime ) )
              xyz_QCloudWater(i,j,k) = 0.0_DP
            end if
          end do
        end do
      end do
      xyz_FactA = xyz_FactA1 + xyz_FactA2
      !
      xyz_CloudCover = xyz_CloudCover * exp( - ( xyz_FactC + xyz_FactD ) * 2.0_DP * DelTime ) + xyz_FactC / ( xyz_FactC + xyz_FactD + 1.0d-100 ) * ( 1.0_DP - exp( - ( xyz_FactC + xyz_FactD ) * 2.0_DP * DelTime ) )
      !
      xyz_QH2OVap = xyz_QH2OVap - xyz_FactA2 * 2.0_DP * DelTime
      !
      xyz_Temp = xyz_Temp + xyz_FactA2 * 2.0_DP * DelTime * LatentHeat / CpDry


      ! Rain
      !
      xyz_Rain = xyz_FactA * 2.0_DP * DelTime + xyz_QCloudWaterB * ( 1.0_DP - exp( - xyz_FactB * 2.0_DP * DelTime ) ) - xyz_FactA / xyz_FactB * ( 1.0_DP - exp( - xyz_FactB * 2.0_DP * DelTime ) )
      xyz_Rain = xyz_Rain / ( 2.0_DP * DelTime )
!!$      do k = 1, kmax
!!$        xyz_Rain(:,:,k) = xyz_Rain(:,:,k) &
!!$          & * ( xyr_Press(:,:,k-1) - xyr_Press(:,:,k) ) / Grav
!!$      end do



      ! Evaporation
      !
      do k = 1, kmax
        do j = 1, jmax
          do i = 0, imax-1
            if ( xyz_QCloudWater(i,j,k) < QCloudWaterThreshold ) then
              xyz_CloudCover(i,j,k) = 0.0_DP
            end if
          end do
        end do
      end do

      do k = 1, kmax
        do j = 1, jmax
          do i = 0, imax-1
            if ( xyz_CloudCover(i,j,k) > 1.0_DP ) then
              xyz_CloudCover(i,j,k) = 1.0_DP
            else if ( xyz_CloudCover(i,j,k) < 0.0_DP ) then
              xyz_CloudCover(i,j,k) = 0.0_DP
            end if
          end do
        end do
      end do


      do k = 1, kmax
        do j = 1, jmax
          do i = 0, imax-1
            if ( xyz_QCloudWater(i,j,k) < 0.0_DP ) then
              write( 6, * ) i, j, k, xyz_QCloudWater(i,j,k)
            end if
          end do
        end do
      end do


    end if


  end subroutine SetCloudCloudWaterAdjustWithCloudCoverV2

  subroutine SetCloudDivideWatAndIce( xyz_Temp, xyz_QH2OWatAndIce, xyz_QH2OWat, xyz_QH2OIce )

    ! USE statements
    !

    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_Temp         (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_QH2OWatAndIce(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(out) :: xyz_QH2OWat      (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(out) :: xyz_QH2OIce      (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)


    real(DP) :: xyz_WatFrac(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)

    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! 初期化確認
    ! Initialization check
    !
    if ( .not. set_cloud_inited ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This module has not been initialized.' )
    end if


    xyz_WatFrac = ( 1.0_DP - 0.0_DP ) / ( TempWatLim - TempIceLim ) * ( xyz_Temp - TempIceLim )
    xyz_WatFrac = min( xyz_WatFrac, 1.0_DP )
    xyz_WatFrac = max( xyz_WatFrac, 0.0_DP )

    xyz_QH2OWat = xyz_QH2OWatAndIce * xyz_WatFrac
    xyz_QH2OIce = xyz_QH2OWatAndIce * ( 1.0_DP - xyz_WatFrac )


  end subroutine SetCloudDivideWatAndIce

  subroutine SetCloudInit

    ! ファイル入出力補助
    ! File I/O support
    !
    use dc_iounit, only: FileOpen

    ! NAMELIST ファイル入力に関するユーティリティ
    ! Utilities for NAMELIST file input
    !
    use namelist_util, only: namelist_filename, NmlutilMsg, NmlutilAryValid

    ! ヒストリデータ出力
    ! History data output
    !
    use gtool_historyauto, only: HistoryAutoAddVariable


    ! 宣言文 ; Declaration statements
    !
    character(STRING) :: CloudOverlapType
    character(STRING) :: CloudCoverMethod

    integer:: unit_nml        ! NAMELIST ファイルオープン用装置番号.
                              ! Unit number for NAMELIST file open
    integer:: iostat_nml      ! NAMELIST 読み込み時の IOSTAT.
                              ! IOSTAT of NAMELIST read

    ! NAMELIST 変数群
    ! NAMELIST group name
    !
    namelist /set_cloud_nml/ FlagCloud, CloudLifeTime, CloudOverlapType, CloudCoverMethod, RHCrtl, CloudCover, TempWatLim, TempIceLim
          !
          ! デフォルト値については初期化手続 "set_cloud#setCloudInit"
          ! のソースコードを参照のこと.
          !
          ! Refer to source codes in the initialization procedure
          ! "set_cloud#SetCloudInit" for the default values.
          !

    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    if ( set_cloud_inited ) return


    ! デフォルト値の設定
    ! Default values settings
    !

    FlagCloud           = .true.

    CloudLifeTime       = 3600.0_DP

    CloudOverlapType    = "Random"
!!$    CloudOverlapType    = "MaxOverlap"

    CloudCoverMethod    = 'Const'
!!$    CloudCoverMethod    = 'RH'

    RHCrtl              = 0.8_DP

    CloudCover          = 1.0_DP

    TempWatLim          = 273.15_DP
    TempIceLim          = 273.15_DP - 40.0_DP


    ! NAMELIST の読み込み
    ! NAMELIST is input
    !
    if ( trim(namelist_filename) /= '' ) then
      call FileOpen( unit_nml, namelist_filename, mode = 'r' ) ! (in)

      rewind( unit_nml )
      read( unit_nml, nml = set_cloud_nml, iostat = iostat_nml )             ! (out)
      close( unit_nml )

      call NmlutilMsg( iostat_nml, module_name ) ! (in)
    end if


    select case ( CloudOverlapType )
    case ( 'Random' )
      IDCloudOverlapType = IDCloudOverlapTypeRandom
    case ( 'MaxOverlap' )
      IDCloudOverlapType = IDCloudOverlapTypeMaxOverlap
    case default
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'CloudOverlapType=<%c> is not supported.', c1 = trim(CloudOverlapType) )
    end select

    select case ( CloudCoverMethod )
    case ( 'Const' )
      IDCloudCoverMethod = IDCloudCoverMethodConst
    case ( 'RH' )
      IDCloudCoverMethod = IDCloudCoverMethodRH
    case default
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'CloudCoverMethod=<%c> is not supported.', c1 = trim(CloudCoverMethod) )
    end select


    ! ヒストリデータ出力のためのへの変数登録
    ! Register of variables for history data output
    !
!!$    call HistoryAutoAddVariable( 'EffCloudCover', &
!!$      & (/ 'lon ', 'lat ', 'time' /), &
!!$      & 'effective cloud cover', '1' )



    ! 印字 ; Print
    !
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '----- Initialization Messages -----' )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'FlagCloud           = %b', l = (/ FlagCloud /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'CloudLifeTime       = %f', d = (/ CloudLifeTime /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'CloudOverlapType    = %c', c1 = trim(CloudOverlapType) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'CloudCoverMethod    = %c', c1 = trim(CloudCoverMethod) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'RHCrtl              = %f', d = (/ RHCrtl /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'CloudCover          = %f', d = (/ CloudCover /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'TempWatLim          = %f', d = (/ TempWatLim /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'TempIceLim          = %f', d = (/ TempIceLim /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '-- version = %c', c1 = trim(version) )


    set_cloud_inited = .true.

  end subroutine SetCloudInit

  subroutine SetCloudLocalizeCloud( xyz_CloudCover, xyz_DelCloudOptDep )

    ! USE statements
    !

    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_CloudCover    (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: xyz_DelCloudOptDep(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)


    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! 初期化確認
    ! Initialization check
    !
    if ( .not. set_cloud_inited ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This module has not been initialized.' )
    end if


    ! Cloud optical depth is scaled by considering cloud cover less than 1. 

    xyz_DelCloudOptDep = xyz_DelCloudOptDep / max( xyz_CloudCover, 1.0d-3 )


  end subroutine SetCloudLocalizeCloud

  subroutine SetCloudCloudWaterAdjustWithCloudCoverV1( xyz_DQCloudWaterDtCum, xyz_DQCloudWaterDtLSC, xyz_MoistConvDetTend, xyz_QCloudWater, xyz_CloudCover )

    ! USE statements
    !

    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: DelTime            ! $ \Delta t $ [s]

    ! 物理定数設定
    ! Physical constants settings
    !
    use constants, only: GasRDry
                              ! $ R $ [J kg-1 K-1].
                              ! 乾燥大気の気体定数.
                              ! Gas constant of air

    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_DQCloudWaterDtCum( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_DQCloudWaterDtLSC( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_MoistConvDetTend ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: xyz_QCloudWater      ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: xyz_CloudCover       ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )


    real(DP) :: xyz_QCloudWaterB( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
!!$    real(DP) :: xyz_PRCP        ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax )
!!$    real(DP) :: xy_PRCP         ( 0:imax-1, 1:jmax )

    real(DP), parameter :: QCloudWaterThreshold = 1.0d-10

    integer :: i
    integer :: j
    integer :: k


    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! 初期化確認
    ! Initialization check
    !
    if ( .not. set_cloud_inited ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This module has not been initialized.' )
    end if


    ! Cloud optical depth
    !
    if ( FlagCloud ) then

      ! save cloud water before adjustment
      xyz_QCloudWaterB = xyz_QCloudWater

!!$      xyz_DQCloudWaterDt = xyz_DQCloudWaterDt &
!!$        & - xyz_QCloudWater / ( CloudLifeTime + 1.0d-100 )


!!$      ( X_{t+1} - X_{t-1} ) / ( 2 \Delta t ) = Q - X_{t+1} / \tau
!!$
!!$      X_{t+1} / ( 2 \Delta t )  + X_{t+1} / \tau = X_{t-1} / ( 2 \Delta t ) + Q
!!$      ( 1 / ( 2 \Delta t )  + 1 / \tau ) X_{t+1} = X_{t-1} / ( 2 \Delta t ) + Q
!!$      X_{t+1} = ( X_{t-1} / ( 2 \Delta t ) + Q ) / ( 1 / ( 2 \Delta t )  + 1 / \tau ) 


      xyz_QCloudWater = ( xyz_QCloudWater / ( 2.0_DP * DelTime ) + xyz_DQCloudWaterDtCum + xyz_DQCloudWaterDtLSC ) / ( 1.0_DP / ( 2.0_DP * DelTime ) + 1.0_DP / ( CloudLifeTime + 1.0d-100 ) )


!!$      do k = 1, kmax
!!$        xyz_PRCP(:,:,k) =                                                       &
!!$          & (                                                                   &
!!$          &     xyz_QCloudWaterB(:,:,k)                                         &
!!$          &   + ( xyz_DQCloudWaterDtCum(:,:,k) + xyz_DQCloudWaterDtLSC(:,:,k) ) &
!!$          &     * ( 2.0_DP * DelTime )                                          &
!!$          &   - xyz_QCloudWater(:,:,k)                                          &
!!$          & )                                                                   &
!!$          & * ( xyr_Press(:,:,k-1) - xyr_Press(:,:,k) ) / Grav
!!$      end do
!!$      xyz_PRCP = xyz_PRCP / ( 2.0_DP * DelTime )
!!$
!!$      xy_PRCP = 0.0_DP
!!$      do k = kmax, 1, -1
!!$        xy_PRCP = xy_PRCP + xyz_PRCP(:,:,k)
!!$      end do


      ! a2 = a1 + ( 1 - a2 ) * P * 2 * dt
      !    = a1 + P * 2 * dt - a2 * P * 2 * dt
      ! ( 1 + P * 2 * dt ) * a2 = a1 + P * 2 * dt
      ! a2 = ( a1 + P * 2 * dt ) / ( 1 + P * 2 * dt )

!!$      xyz_CloudCover =                                                 &
!!$        & ( xyz_CloudCover + xyz_MoistConvDetTend * 2.0_DP * DelTime ) &
!!$        & / ( 1.0_DP + xyz_MoistConvDetTend * 2.0_DP * DelTime )

      do k = 1, kmax
        do j = 1, jmax
          do i = 0, imax-1
            if ( xyz_DQCloudWaterDtLSC(i,j,k) > 0.0_DP ) then
              xyz_CloudCover(i,j,k) = 1.0_DP
            else
              xyz_CloudCover(i,j,k) = (   xyz_CloudCover(i,j,k) + xyz_MoistConvDetTend(i,j,k) * 2.0_DP * DelTime ) / ( 1.0_DP + xyz_MoistConvDetTend(i,j,k) * 2.0_DP * DelTime )
            end if
          end do
        end do
      end do

      do k = 1, kmax
        do j = 1, jmax
          do i = 0, imax-1
            if ( xyz_QCloudWater(i,j,k) < QCloudWaterThreshold ) then
              xyz_CloudCover(i,j,k) = 0.0_DP
            end if
          end do
        end do
      end do

      do k = 1, kmax
        do j = 1, jmax
          do i = 0, imax-1
            if ( xyz_CloudCover(i,j,k) > 1.0_DP ) then
              xyz_CloudCover(i,j,k) = 1.0_DP
            end if
          end do
        end do
      end do

    end if


  end subroutine SetCloudCloudWaterAdjustWithCloudCoverV1

  subroutine SetCloudSmearCloudOptDep( xyz_CloudCover, xyz_DelCloudOptDep )

    ! USE statements
    !

    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_CloudCover    (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: xyz_DelCloudOptDep(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)


    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! 初期化確認
    ! Initialization check
    !
    if ( .not. set_cloud_inited ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This module has not been initialized.' )
    end if


    ! Cloud optical depth is scaled by the way of Kiehl et al. (1994).

    xyz_DelCloudOptDep = xyz_DelCloudOptDep * xyz_CloudCover**1.5_DP


  end subroutine SetCloudSmearCloudOptDep