subroutine CloudUtilConsChk( ParentRoutineName, xyr_Press, xyz_TempB, xyz_QH2OVapB, xyz_QH2OLiqB, xyz_QH2OSolB, xyz_Temp , xyz_QH2OVap , xyz_QH2OLiq , xyz_QH2OSol , xy_Rain, xy_Snow )


    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: DelTime            ! $ \Delta t $ [s]

    ! 物理定数設定
    ! Physical constants settings
    !
    use constants, only: Grav, CpDry, LatentHeat, LatentHeatFusion
                              ! $ L $ [J kg-1] .
                              ! 融解の潜熱.
                              ! Latent heat of fusion

    character(*), intent(in) :: ParentRoutineName
!!$    logical , intent(in) :: FlagIncludeSnowPhaseChange
    real(DP), intent(in) :: xyr_Press   (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in) :: xyz_TempB   (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in) :: xyz_QH2OVapB(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in) :: xyz_QH2OLiqB(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in) :: xyz_QH2OSolB(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in) :: xyz_Temp    (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in) :: xyz_QH2OVap (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in) :: xyz_QH2OLiq (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in) :: xyz_QH2OSol (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in) :: xy_Rain     (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
    real(DP), intent(in) :: xy_Snow     (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)

    ! Local variables
    !
    real(DP) :: xyz_DelMass(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xy_Val(0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
    real(DP) :: xy_SumB(0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
    real(DP) :: xy_Sum(0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
    real(DP) :: xy_Ratio(0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
    integer  :: i
    integer  :: j
    integer  :: k


    do k = 1, kmax
      xyz_DelMass(:,:,k) = ( xyr_Press(:,:,k-1) - xyr_Press(:,:,k) ) / Grav
    end do

    xy_Sum = 0.0_DP
    do k = kmax, 1, -1
      xy_Val =   CpDry * xyz_TempB(:,:,k) + LatentHeat * xyz_QH2OVapB(:,:,k) - LatentHeatFusion * xyz_QH2OSolB(:,:,k)
      xy_Sum = xy_Sum + xy_Val * xyz_DelMass(:,:,k)
    end do

    xy_SumB = xy_Sum

    xy_Sum = 0.0_DP
    do k = kmax, 1, -1
      xy_Val =   CpDry * xyz_Temp (:,:,k) + LatentHeat * xyz_QH2OVap (:,:,k) - LatentHeatFusion * xyz_QH2OSol (:,:,k)
      xy_Sum = xy_Sum + xy_Val * xyz_DelMass(:,:,k)
    end do
!!$    if ( FlagIncludeSnowPhaseChange ) then
      xy_Sum = xy_Sum - LatentHeatFusion * xy_Snow * 2.0_DP * DelTime
!!$    end if

    xy_Ratio = ( xy_Sum - xy_SumB ) / ( xy_Sum + 1.0d-100 )
    do j = 1, jmax
      do i = 0, imax-1
        if ( abs( xy_Ratio(i,j) ) > 1.0d-10 ) then
          call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '%c, Modified condensate static energy is not conserved, %f.', c1 = trim(ParentRoutineName), d = (/ xy_Ratio(i,j) /) )
        end if
      end do
    end do



    xy_Sum = 0.0_DP
    do k = kmax, 1, -1
      xy_Val = xyz_QH2OVapB(:,:,k) + xyz_QH2OLiqB(:,:,k) + xyz_QH2OSolB(:,:,k)
      xy_Sum = xy_Sum + xy_Val * xyz_DelMass(:,:,k)
    end do

    xy_SumB = xy_Sum

    xy_Sum = 0.0_DP
    do k = kmax, 1, -1
      xy_Val = xyz_QH2OVap (:,:,k) + xyz_QH2OLiq (:,:,k) + xyz_QH2OSol (:,:,k)
      xy_Sum = xy_Sum + xy_Val * xyz_DelMass(:,:,k)
    end do
    xy_Sum = xy_Sum + ( xy_Rain + xy_Snow ) * 2.0_DP * DelTime

    xy_Ratio = ( xy_Sum - xy_SumB ) / ( xy_Sum + 1.0d-100 )
    do j = 1, jmax
      do i = 0, imax-1
        if ( abs( xy_Ratio(i,j) ) > 1.0d-10 ) then
          call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '%c, H2O mass is not conserved, %f.', c1 = trim(ParentRoutineName), d = (/ xy_Ratio(i,j) /) )
        end if
      end do
    end do


  end subroutine CloudUtilConsChk

  subroutine CloudUtilsCalcOverlapCloudTrans( xyz_TransCloudOneLayer, xyz_CloudCover, xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans )

    ! USE statements
    !

    ! ヒストリデータ出力
    ! History data output
    !
    use gtool_historyauto, only: HistoryAutoPut

    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: TimeN, EndTime, TimesetClockStart, TimesetClockStop

!!$    use sort, only : SortQuick

    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_TransCloudOneLayer   (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(in ) :: xyz_CloudCover           (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(out) :: xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 0:kmax, 0:kmax)


    real(DP) :: xyz_EffCloudCover           (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_CloudCoverSorted        (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted     (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP) :: CloudCoverSortedCur
    real(DP) :: EffCloudCoverSortedCur
    real(DP) :: TransCloudOneLayerSortedCur
    integer  :: KInsPos
    integer  :: i
    integer  :: j
    integer  :: k
    integer  :: kk
    integer  :: kkk



    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! 初期化確認
    ! Initialization check
    !
    if ( .not. cloud_utils_inited ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This module has not been initialized.' )
    end if


    ! Cloud optical depth
    !

    select case ( IDCloudOverlapType )
    case ( IDCloudOverlapTypeRandom )

      xyz_EffCloudCover = xyz_CloudCover * ( 1.0_DP - xyz_TransCloudOneLayer )

      do k = 0, kmax
        kk = k
        xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = 1.0_DP
        do kk = k+1, kmax
          xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk-1) * ( 1.0_DP - xyz_EffCloudCover(:,:,kk) )
        end do
      end do

      do k = 0, kmax
        do kk = 0, k-1
          xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,kk,k)
        end do
      end do

    case ( IDCloudOverlapTypeMaxOverlap )

      ! see Chou et al. (2001)

      xyz_EffCloudCover = xyz_CloudCover * ( 1.0_DP - xyz_TransCloudOneLayer )


      ! Original method (computationally expensive, probably)
      !
!!$        do k = 0, kmax
!!$          kk = k
!!$          xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = 1.0_DP
!!$          do kk = k+1, kmax
!!$
!!$            xyz_CloudCoverSorted         = xyz_CloudCover
!!$            xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted      = xyz_EffCloudCover
!!$            xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted = xyz_TransCloudOneLayer
!!$
!!$            call SortQuick( imax, jmax, kk-k,             &
!!$              & xyz_CloudCoverSorted        (:,:,k+1:kk), &
!!$              & xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted     (:,:,k+1:kk), &
!!$              & xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(:,:,k+1:kk)  &
!!$              & )
!!$
!!$            xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = 0.0_DP
!!$            do kkk = k+1, kk
!!$              xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) =         &
!!$                & xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted(:,:,kkk)          &
!!$                & + xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk)     &
!!$                &   * xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(:,:,kkk)
!!$            end do
!!$            xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = &
!!$              & 1.0_DP - xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk)
!!$
!!$          end do
!!$        end do


      ! Economical method (probably)
      !
      do k = 0, kmax

!!$          do kkk = 1, kmax
!!$              xyz_CloudCoverSorted(:,:,kkk) = real( kmax-kkk ) / real(kmax)
!!$!              xyz_CloudCoverSorted(:,:,kkk) = abs( 0.55d0 - real( kmax-kkk ) / real(kmax) )
!!$          end do
!!$          ! debug output
!!$          if ( k == 0 ) then
!!$            kk = kmax
!!$            do kkk = k+1, kk
!!$              write( 6, * ) kkk, xyz_CloudCoverSorted(0,jmax/2+1,kkk)
!!$            end do
!!$          end if

        xyz_CloudCoverSorted         = xyz_CloudCover
        xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted      = xyz_EffCloudCover
        xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted = xyz_TransCloudOneLayer

        kk = k
        xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = 1.0_DP
        do kk = k+1, kmax


          do j = 1, jmax
            do i = 0, imax-1

              ! xyz_CloudCoverSorted(i,j,kk) is inserved in an appropriate position.
              !
              KInsPos = kk
              loop : do kkk = k+1, kk-1

                if ( xyz_CloudCoverSorted(i,j,kk) < xyz_CloudCoverSorted(i,j,kkk) ) then
                  KInsPos = kkk
                  exit loop
                end if

              end do loop

              ! values are saved
              CloudCoverSortedCur         = xyz_CloudCoverSorted        (i,j,kk)
              EffCloudCoverSortedCur      = xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted     (i,j,kk)
              TransCloudOneLayerSortedCur = xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(i,j,kk)

              ! values are shifted upward to empty an array at insert position
              do kkk = kk, KInsPos+1, -1
                xyz_CloudCoverSorted        (i,j,kkk) = xyz_CloudCoverSorted        (i,j,kkk-1)
                xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted     (i,j,kkk) = xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted     (i,j,kkk-1)
                xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(i,j,kkk) = xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(i,j,kkk-1)
              end do
              kkk = KInsPos
              xyz_CloudCoverSorted        (i,j,kkk) = CloudCoverSortedCur
              xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted     (i,j,kkk) = EffCloudCoverSortedCur
              xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(i,j,kkk) = TransCloudOneLayerSortedCur

            end do
          end do


!!$            xyz_CloudCoverSorted         = xyz_CloudCover
!!$            do kkk = 1, kmax
!!$              xyz_CloudCoverSorted(:,:,kkk) = real( kmax-kkk ) / real(kmax)
!!$            end do
!!$            xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted      = xyz_EffCloudCover
!!$            xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted = xyz_TransCloudOneLayer
!!$
!!$            call SortQuick( imax, jmax, kk-k,             &
!!$              & xyz_CloudCoverSorted        (:,:,k+1:kk), &
!!$              & xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted     (:,:,k+1:kk), &
!!$              & xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(:,:,k+1:kk)  &
!!$              & )


!!$            ! debug output
!!$            if ( ( k == 0 ) .and. ( kk == kmax-2 ) ) then
!!$              do kkk = k+1, kk
!!$                write( 6, * ) kkk, xyz_CloudCoverSorted(0,jmax/2+1,kkk)
!!$              end do
!!$              write( 6, * ) '-----'
!!$            end if


          xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = 0.0_DP
          do kkk = k+1, kk
            xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = xyz_EffCloudCoverSorted(:,:,kkk) + xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) * xyz_TransCloudOneLayerSorted(:,:,kkk)
          end do
          xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = 1.0_DP - xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk)

        end do
      end do



      do k = 0, kmax
        do kk = 0, k-1
          xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,k,kk) = xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,kk,k)
        end do
      end do


    end select

    ! Output effective cloud cover
    !
!!$    call HistoryAutoPut( TimeN, 'EffCloudCover', &
!!$      & 1.0_DP - xyrr_OverlappedCloudTrans(:,:,0,kmax) )


  end subroutine CloudUtilsCalcOverlapCloudTrans

  subroutine CloudUtilsInit( ArgFlagSnow )

    ! ファイル入出力補助
    ! File I/O support
    !
    use dc_iounit, only: FileOpen

    ! NAMELIST ファイル入力に関するユーティリティ
    ! Utilities for NAMELIST file input
    !
    use namelist_util, only: namelist_filename, NmlutilMsg, NmlutilAryValid

    ! ヒストリデータ出力
    ! History data output
    !
    use gtool_historyauto, only: HistoryAutoAddVariable

    ! 飽和比湿の算出
    ! Evaluate saturation specific humidity
    !
    use saturate, only: SaturateInit


    ! 宣言文 ; Declaration statements
    !

    logical, intent(in) :: ArgFlagSnow


    character(STRING) :: CloudOverlapType

    integer:: unit_nml        ! NAMELIST ファイルオープン用装置番号.
                              ! Unit number for NAMELIST file open
    integer:: iostat_nml      ! NAMELIST 読み込み時の IOSTAT.
                              ! IOSTAT of NAMELIST read

    ! NAMELIST 変数群
    ! NAMELIST group name
    !
    namelist /cloud_utils_nml/ CloudOverlapType, CCNMixRatPerUnitMass
          !
          ! デフォルト値については初期化手続 "cloud_utils#CloudUtilsInit"
          ! のソースコードを参照のこと.
          !
          ! Refer to source codes in the initialization procedure
          ! "cloud_utils#CloudUtilsInit" for the default values.
          !

    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    if ( cloud_utils_inited ) return


    FlagSnow = ArgFlagSnow


    ! デフォルト値の設定
    ! Default values settings
    !

    CloudOverlapType    = "Random"
!!$    CloudOverlapType    = "MaxOverlap"

    CCNMixRatPerUnitMass = 1.0e8_DP


    ! NAMELIST の読み込み
    ! NAMELIST is input
    !
    if ( trim(namelist_filename) /= '' ) then
      call FileOpen( unit_nml, namelist_filename, mode = 'r' ) ! (in)

      rewind( unit_nml )
      read( unit_nml, nml = cloud_utils_nml, iostat = iostat_nml )             ! (out)
      close( unit_nml )

      call NmlutilMsg( iostat_nml, module_name ) ! (in)
    end if


    select case ( CloudOverlapType )
    case ( 'Random' )
      IDCloudOverlapType = IDCloudOverlapTypeRandom
    case ( 'MaxOverlap' )
      IDCloudOverlapType = IDCloudOverlapTypeMaxOverlap
    case default
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'CloudOverlapType=<%c> is not supported.', c1 = trim(CloudOverlapType) )
    end select


    ! Initialization of modules used in this module
    !

    ! 飽和比湿の算出
    ! Evaluate saturation specific humidity
    !
    call SaturateInit


    ! ヒストリデータ出力のためのへの変数登録
    ! Register of variables for history data output
    !
!!$    call HistoryAutoAddVariable( 'EffCloudCover', &
!!$      & (/ 'lon ', 'lat ', 'time' /), &
!!$      & 'effective cloud cover', '1' )



    ! 印字 ; Print
    !
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '----- Initialization Messages -----' )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'CloudOverlapType     = %c', c1 = trim(CloudOverlapType) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, 'CCNMixRatPerUnitMass = %f', d = (/ CCNMixRatPerUnitMass /) )
    call MessageNotify( 'M', module_name, '-- version = %c', c1 = trim(version) )

    cloud_utils_inited = .true.

  end subroutine CloudUtilsInit

  subroutine CloudUtilsLocalizeCloud( xyz_CloudCover, xyz_DelCloudOptDep )

    ! USE statements
    !

    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_CloudCover    (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: xyz_DelCloudOptDep(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)


    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! 初期化確認
    ! Initialization check
    !
    if ( .not. cloud_utils_inited ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This module has not been initialized.' )
    end if


    ! Cloud optical depth is scaled by considering cloud cover less than 1. 

    xyz_DelCloudOptDep = xyz_DelCloudOptDep / max( xyz_CloudCover, 1.0d-3 )


  end subroutine CloudUtilsLocalizeCloud

  subroutine CloudUtilsPRCPEvap1Grid( Press, PressLI, PressUI, PRCPArea, PRCPEvapArea, Temp, QH2OVap, SurfRainFlux, SurfSnowFlux )

    ! USE statements
    !

    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: DelTime            ! $ \Delta t $ [s]

    ! 物理定数設定
    ! Physical constants settings
    !
    use constants, only: Grav
                              ! $ g $ [m s-2].
                              ! 重力加速度.
                              ! Gravitational acceleration

    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: Press
    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: PressLI
    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: PressUI
    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: PRCPArea
    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: PRCPEvapArea
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: Temp
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: QH2OVap
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: SurfRainFlux
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: SurfSnowFlux


    ! Local variables
    !
    real(DP) :: DelTemp
    real(DP) :: DelQH2OVap

    real(DP) :: DelMass

    real(DP) :: QH2OVapSat
    real(DP) :: PRCPFlux
    real(DP) :: DelPRCPFlux
!!$    real(DP) :: DelQH2OVap
    character(STRING) :: CharPhase


    integer :: l


    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! 初期化確認
    ! Initialization check
    !
    if ( .not. cloud_utils_inited ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This module has not been initialized.' )
    end if


    DelMass = ( PressLI - PressUI ) / Grav


    do l = 1, 2

      select case ( l )
      case ( 1 ) ! liquid
        CharPhase = 'liquid'
        PRCPFlux = SurfRainFlux
      case ( 2 ) ! solid
        CharPhase = 'solid'
        PRCPFlux = SurfSnowFlux
      case default
        call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'Unexpected number for select case.' )
      end select

      call CloudUtilsPRCPEvap1GridCore( ( 2.0_DP * DelTime ), CharPhase, DelMass, Press, Temp, QH2OVap, PRCPFlux, PRCPArea, PRCPEvapArea, DelPRCPFlux, DelTemp, DelQH2OVap )

      select case ( l )
      case ( 1 ) ! liquid
        SurfRainFlux = PRCPFlux + DelPRCPFlux
      case ( 2 ) ! solid
        SurfSnowFlux = PRCPFlux + DelPRCPFlux
      case default
        call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'Unexpected number for select case.' )
      end select
      QH2OVap    = QH2OVap + DelQH2OVap
      Temp       = Temp    + DelTemp
    end do


  end subroutine CloudUtilsPRCPEvap1Grid

  subroutine CloudUtilsPRCPStepPC1Grid( PressLI, PressUI, Temp, SurfRainFlux, SurfSnowFlux )

    ! 時刻管理
    ! Time control
    !
    use timeset, only: DelTime            ! $ \Delta t $ [s]

    ! 物理定数設定
    ! Physical constants settings
    !
    use constants, only: CpDry, Grav, LatentHeatFusion
                              ! $ L $ [J kg-1] .
                              ! 融解の潜熱.
                              ! Latent heat of fusion

    ! 雪と海氷の定数の設定
    ! Setting constants of snow and sea ice
    !
    use constants_snowseaice, only: TempCondWater



    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: PressLI
    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: PressUI
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: Temp
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: SurfRainFlux
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: SurfSnowFlux


    ! 作業変数
    ! Work variables
    !
    real(DP) :: DelMass
    real(DP) :: MassMaxFreezeRate
    real(DP) :: MassFreezeRate
    real(DP) :: MassMaxMeltRate
    real(DP) :: MassMeltRate


    ! 初期化確認
    ! Initialization check
    !
    if ( .not. cloud_utils_inited ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This module has not been initialized.' )
    end if


    DelMass = ( PressLI - PressUI ) / Grav

    ! Freezing and melting switching at temperature of TempCondWater

    MassMaxFreezeRate = CpDry * ( TempCondWater - Temp ) * DelMass / LatentHeatFusion / ( 2.0_DP * DelTime )
    if ( MassMaxFreezeRate >= 0.0_DP ) then
      ! freezing
      if ( SurfRainFlux >= MassMaxFreezeRate ) then
        MassFreezeRate = MassMaxFreezeRate
      else
        MassFreezeRate = SurfRainFlux
      end if
      SurfRainFlux = SurfRainFlux - MassFreezeRate
      SurfSnowFlux = SurfSnowFlux + MassFreezeRate
      Temp = Temp + LatentHeatFusion * MassFreezeRate * 2.0_DP * DelTime / ( CpDry * DelMass )
    else
      ! melting
      MassMaxMeltRate = - MassMaxFreezeRate
      if ( SurfSnowFlux >= MassMaxMeltRate ) then
        MassMeltRate = MassMaxMeltRate
      else
        MassMeltRate = SurfSnowFlux
      end if
      SurfRainFlux = SurfRainFlux + MassMeltRate
      SurfSnowFlux = SurfSnowFlux - MassMeltRate
      Temp = Temp - LatentHeatFusion * MassMeltRate * 2.0_DP * DelTime / ( CpDry * DelMass )
    end if


  end subroutine CloudUtilsPRCPStepPC1Grid

  subroutine CloudUtilsSmearCloudOptDep( xyz_CloudCover, xyz_DelCloudOptDep )

    ! USE statements
    !

    real(DP), intent(in   ) :: xyz_CloudCover    (0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)
    real(DP), intent(inout) :: xyz_DelCloudOptDep(0:imax-1, 1:jmax, 1:kmax)


    ! 実行文 ; Executable statement
    !

    ! 初期化確認
    ! Initialization check
    !
    if ( .not. cloud_utils_inited ) then
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'This module has not been initialized.' )
    end if


    ! Cloud optical depth is scaled by the way of Kiehl et al. (1994).

    xyz_DelCloudOptDep = xyz_DelCloudOptDep * xyz_CloudCover**1.5_DP


  end subroutine CloudUtilsSmearCloudOptDep

  subroutine CloudUtilsPRCPEvap1GridCore( TimeStep, CharPhase, DelMass, Press, Temp, QH2OVap, PRCPFlux, PRCPArea, PRCPEvapArea, DelPRCPFlux, DelTemp, DelQH2OVap )

    ! 物理・数学定数設定
    ! Physical and mathematical constants settings
    !
    use constants0, only: PI                    ! $ \pi $ .
                              ! 円周率.  Circular constant

    ! 物理定数設定
    ! Physical constants settings
    !
    use constants, only: Grav, CpDry, GasRDry, LatentHeat, LatentHeatFusion, EpsV
                              ! $ \epsilon_v $ .
                              ! 水蒸気分子量比.
                              ! Molecular weight of water vapor

    ! 飽和比湿の算出
    ! Evaluate saturation specific humidity
    !
    use saturate, only: CalcQVapSatOnLiq, CalcDQVapSatDTempOnLiq, CalcQVapSatOnSol, CalcDQVapSatDTempOnSol


    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: TimeStep
    character(*), intent(in ) :: CharPhase
    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: DelMass
    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: Press
    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: Temp
    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: QH2OVap
    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: PRCPFlux
    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: PRCPArea
    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: PRCPEvapArea
    real(DP)    , intent(out) :: DelPRCPFlux
    real(DP)    , intent(out) :: DelTemp
    real(DP)    , intent(out) :: DelQH2OVap


    ! Parameters for evaporation of rain
    real(DP), parameter :: DensWater            = 1.0d3
    !                            rho_w
    real(DP)            :: CCNND
    !                            number density of CCN, N0 or Nt (m-3)
    real(DP), parameter :: H2OVapDiffCoef       = 1.0d-5
    !                            Kd
    real(DP), parameter :: PRCPFallVel0         = 10.0_DP
    !                            m s-1

    real(DP) :: PRCPFallVelRatio
    real(DP) :: PRCPFallVelFactor

    real(DP) :: PRCPFallVel
    !                            m s-1

    real(DP) :: Dens
    !                           rho
    real(DP) :: DensPRCP
    !                           (rho q_r)

    real(DP) :: DelZ

    real(DP) :: FactorF
    real(DP) :: FactorG
    real(DP) :: FactorH
    real(DP) :: FactorI

    real(DP) :: LatentHeatSubl
    real(DP) :: LatentHeatLocal

    real(DP) :: VirTemp
    real(DP) :: QH2OVapSat
    real(DP) :: DQH2OVapSatDTemp
    real(DP) :: QH2OVapSatA

    real(DP) :: TempN
    real(DP) :: QH2OVapN
    real(DP) :: PRCPN
    real(DP) :: TempA
    real(DP) :: QH2OVapA
    real(DP) :: PRCPA

    real(DP) :: DelPRCP

    real(DP), parameter :: DelTempThreshold = 1.0e-2_DP
    integer, parameter :: ItrMax = 100
    real(DP) :: a_DelTemp(ItrMax)

    integer :: itr


    LatentHeatSubl = LatentHeat + LatentHeatFusion


    select case ( CharPhase )
    case ( 'liquid' )
      ! for liquid water
      PRCPFallVelRatio = 1.0_DP
      LatentHeatLocal  = LatentHeat
    case ( 'solid' )
      ! for solid water (ice)
      PRCPFallVelRatio = 0.5_DP
      LatentHeatLocal  = LatentHeatSubl
    case default
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'Unexpected character for select case.' )
    end select


    VirTemp = Temp * ( 1.0_DP + ((( 1.0_DP / EpsV ) - 1.0_DP ) * QH2OVap) )
    Dens = Press / ( GasRDry * VirTemp )
    DelZ = DelMass / Dens

    PRCPFallVel = PRCPFallVel0 * PRCPFallVelRatio
    DensPRCP = ( PRCPFlux / ( PRCPArea + 1.0e-10_DP ) ) / PRCPFallVel

    ! cloud condensation
    CCNND = CCNMixRatPerUnitMass * Dens

    FactorF = Dens * H2OVapDiffCoef * PRCPEvapArea * ( 48.0_DP * ( PI * CCNND )**2 / DensWater * DensPRCP )**(1.0_DP/3.0_DP)
    FactorG = DelZ * TimeStep * FactorF
    FactorH = FactorG / DelMass
    FactorI = LatentHeatLocal / CpDry * FactorH

    TempN    = Temp
    QH2OVapN = QH2OVap
    PRCPN    = PRCPFlux * TimeStep
    loop_evap : do itr = 1, ItrMax

      select case ( CharPhase )
      case ( 'liquid' )
        ! for liquid water
        QH2OVapSat       = CalcQVapSatOnLiq( TempN, Press )
        DQH2OVapSatDTemp = CalcDQVapSatDTempOnLiq( TempN, QH2OVapSat )
      case ( 'solid' )
        ! for solid water (ice)
        QH2OVapSat       = CalcQVapSatOnSol( TempN, Press )
        DQH2OVapSatDTemp = CalcDQVapSatDTempOnSol( TempN, QH2OVapSat )
      case default
        call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'Unexpected character for select case.' )
      end select

      DelTemp = - FactorI * ( QH2OVapSat - QH2OVapN ) / ( 1.0_DP + FactorH + FactorI * DQH2OVapSatDTemp )

      DelQH2OVap = - CpDry * DelTemp / LatentHeatLocal
      DelPRCP    = - DelQH2OVap * DelMass

      if ( ( PRCPN + DelPRCP ) >= 0.0_DP ) then
        ! part of precipitation is evaporated
        ! nothing to do
      else
        ! all precipitation is evaporated
        DelPRCP    = - PRCPN
        DelQH2OVap = - DelPRCP / DelMass
        DelTemp    = - LatentHeatLocal * DelQH2OVap / CpDry
      end if


      if ( abs( DelTemp ) < DelTempThreshold ) exit loop_evap

      PRCPA    = PRCPN    + DelPRCP
      TempA    = TempN    + DelTemp
      QH2OVapA = QH2OVapN + DelQH2OVap

      PRCPN    = PRCPA
      TempN    = TempA
      QH2OVapN = QH2OVapA

      a_DelTemp(itr) = DelTemp
    end do loop_evap
    if ( itr > 100 ) then
      write( 6, * ) a_DelTemp
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'Evaporation loop is not convergent, %d, %f.', i = (/ itr /), d = (/ DelTemp /) )
    end if

    DelPRCPFlux = DelPRCP / TimeStep


  end subroutine CloudUtilsPRCPEvap1GridCore

  subroutine CloudUtilsPRCPEvap1GridCoreExp( CharPhase, DelMass, Press, QH2OVap, QH2OVapSat, VirTemp, PRCP, PRCPArea, PRCPEvapArea, DelPRCPFlux )

    ! 物理・数学定数設定
    ! Physical and mathematical constants settings
    !
    use constants0, only: PI                    ! $ \pi $ .
                              ! 円周率.  Circular constant

    ! 物理定数設定
    ! Physical constants settings
    !
    use constants, only: Grav, GasRDry
                              ! $ R $ [J kg-1 K-1].
                              ! 乾燥大気の気体定数.
                              ! Gas constant of air


    character(*), intent(in ) :: CharPhase
    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: DelMass
    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: Press
    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: QH2OVap
    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: QH2OVapSat
    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: VirTemp
    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: PRCP
    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: PRCPArea
    real(DP)    , intent(in ) :: PRCPEvapArea
    real(DP)    , intent(out) :: DelPRCPFlux


    ! Parameters for evaporation of rain
    real(DP), parameter :: DensWater            = 1.0d3
    !                            rho_w
    !   Values below are from Kessler (1969)
    real(DP), parameter :: PRCPFallVelFactor0        = 130.0d0
    !                            K
    real(DP), parameter :: MedianDiameterFactor      = 3.67d0
    !                            C'
    real(DP), parameter :: PRCPDistFactor            = 1.0d7
    !                            N0
    real(DP), parameter :: PRCPEvapRatUnitDiamFactor = 2.24d3
    !                            C
    real(DP), parameter :: H2OVapDiffCoef            = 1.0d-5
    !                            Kd

    real(DP), parameter :: PRCPFallVelSimple0        = 10.0d0
    !                            m s-1

    real(DP) :: PRCPFallVelRatio
    real(DP) :: PRCPFallVelFactor

    real(DP) :: Dens0
    !                            rho_0
    real(DP) :: V00
    !                            V_{00}
    real(DP) :: PRCPEvapFactor

    real(DP) :: Dens
    !                           rho
    real(DP) :: DensPRCP
    !                           (rho q_r)
!!$    real(DP) :: RainArea
!!$    !                           a_p
!!$    real(DP) :: RainEvapArea
!!$    !                           A = max( a_p - a, 0 )
!!$    real(DP) :: xy_CloudCover   (0:imax-1, 1:jmax)
!!$    !                           a
    real(DP) :: PRCPEvapRate

    real(DP) :: DelZ


    select case ( CharPhase )
    case ( 'liquid' )
      ! for liquid water
      PRCPFallVelRatio = 1.0_DP
    case ( 'solid' )
      ! for solid water (ice)
      PRCPFallVelRatio = 0.5_DP
    case ( 'mixture' )
      ! for mixture, this is only for test
      PRCPFallVelRatio = 1.0_DP
    case default
      call MessageNotify( 'E', module_name, 'Unexpected character for select case.' )
    end select
    !

    ! Values for evaporation of rain
    Dens = Press / ( GasRDry * VirTemp )

    DelZ = DelMass / Dens


    if ( .false. ) then ! ECMWF version

      PRCPFallVelFactor = PRCPFallVelFactor0 * PRCPFallVelRatio

      ! Parameters for evaporation of rain
      Dens0 = 1013.0d2 / ( GasRDry * 300.0_DP )
      V00 = PRCPFallVelFactor * sqrt( MedianDiameterFactor ) / ( PI * DensWater * PRCPDistFactor )**(1.0d0/8.0d0)
      PRCPEvapFactor = PRCPEvapRatUnitDiamFactor * 1.429624558860304d0 * H2OVapDiffCoef * PRCPDistFactor**(7.0d0/20.0d0) / ( PI * DensWater )**(13.0d0/20.0d0)

!!$    RainArea   = RainArea
!!$    xy_CloudCover = CloudCover
!!$    xy_RainEvapArea = max( xy_RainArea - xy_CloudCover, 0.0_DP )
!!$    RainEvapArea = RainEvapArea

      DensPRCP = ( PRCP / ( PRCPArea + 1.0d-10 ) / ( V00 * sqrt( Dens0 / Dens ) ) )**(8.0d0/9.0d0)
      PRCPEvapRate = Dens * PRCPEvapArea * PRCPEvapFactor * max( QH2OVapSat - QH2OVap, 0.0_DP ) * DensPRCP**(13.0d0/20.0d0)

    else ! simple version

      V00 = PRCPFallVelSimple0 * PRCPFallVelRatio

      PRCPEvapFactor = ( 48.0_DP * ( PI * PRCPDistFactor )**2 / DensWater )**(1.0_DP/3.0_DP) * H2OVapDiffCoef

      DensPRCP = ( PRCP / ( PRCPArea + 1.0d-10 ) ) / V00
      PRCPEvapRate = Dens * PRCPEvapArea * PRCPEvapFactor * max( QH2OVapSat - QH2OVap, 0.0_DP ) * DensPRCP**(1.0_DP/3.0_DP)

    end if

    ! PRCPEvapRate (kg m-3 s-1)
    ! DelZ         (m)
    ! DelPRCPFlux  (kg m-2 s-1)
    DelPRCPFlux = PRCPEvapRate * DelZ

    DelPRCPFlux = min( DelPRCPFlux, PRCP )


  end subroutine CloudUtilsPRCPEvap1GridCoreExp