C. 1D radiative-convective model
C.a. Governing equations of the 1D model The potential temperature of the model atmosphere composed of ideal gas is calculated as follows. where is the potential temperature, is the temperature, is the vertical diffusion coefficient, is the radiative heating rate per unit mass, is the specific heat of constant pressure per unit mass is calculated by convergence of the radiative heat flux obtained by radiative transfer equation of CO2 (see appendix A.d.i ). The radiative transfer associated with dust is not considered. The second term in right hand side represents the heat transport owing to thermal convection which is parameterized as the vertical diffusion. The vertical structure of model atmosphere is given by the hydrostatic equation. The vertical diffusion coefficient is calculated as follows (Gierasch and Goody, 1968). where (Priestley, 1959). The sensible heat flux is calculated as follows (Gierasch and Goody, 1968). where is the surface temperature, is the surface atmospheric temperature. is the atmospheric thermal diffusion coefficient, is the atmospheric kinematic viscosity, The values of and are 8×10-4 m2sec-1 and 1×10-3 m2sec-1 (Gierasch and Goody, 1968). The sensible heat flux is 0 when the surface atmospheric temperature is larger than the surface temperature. The surface temperature is calcuated by using the thermal diffusion equation (see appendix A.e ).
A numerical simulation of thermal convection in the Martian lower atmosphere.